Thursday, August 02, 2007

Difference between Caste and Religious Sect

My earlier blog on castes in India led to a discussion with my brother. He spoke about the religious sects and the wars that they have led to. I felt the need to clearly differentiate between caste and sect for him. Obviously, my first option was to google it and this is what google told me:

Caste: Caste systems are traditional, hereditary systems of social restriction and social stratification, enforced by common law or practice, based on endogamy, occupation, economic status, race, ethnicity, etc.

Sect: In the sociology of religion a sect is generally a small religious or political group that has broken off from a larger group, for example from a large, well-established religious group, like a denomination, usually due to a dispute about doctrinal matters.

Detailed Definition from wiki:
Caste is described by Oxford Dictionary as "each of the hereditary classes of Hindu society, distinguished by relative degrees of ritual purity or pollution and of social status" and as "any exclusive social class".[1] Though now one thinks of Hinduism when one thinks of caste, caste is from the Portuguese language, first used by the Portuguese to describe inherited class status in their own European society. Hinduism speaks of "Varna," and Indian societies speak of "Jati." In "A New History of India," by Stanley Wolpert, "[s]uch a process of expansion, settled agricultural production, and pluralistic integration of new peoples led to the development of India's uniquely complex system of social organization, which was mistakenly labeled the caste system by the Portuguese. For what the Portuguese called "caste" in the sixteenth century was, in fact the ideal Rig Vedic "class" (varna) system of Brahmins, Kshastriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras, whereas what Indians mean by caste is really a much more narrowly limited, endogamous group related by "birth" (jati)." In Hinduism, varna (categorization of occupations) is actually non-hereditary, individual, and can be changed. The word jati is used to describe any community, and not specific to any one religion. A person's jati (community) is the social group (with its own culture, religious practices, traditions, language, customs, regional origin, etc...) one is born into, and is hereditary. There are countless communities (jatis) in India. Many communities were known for certain occupations. Before universal education, like every where else in the world, job skills were often transferred within families and communities. A large number of communities follow Sanatana Dharma (the "Eternal Religion," aka Hinduism). Those communities (jatis) known for a particular occupation or related occupations that could be categorized into one of the four varnas (Brahmin, Kshastriya, Vaishya, Shudra types of work), were overtime known as belonging to one of the four varnas. However, jati's association with a varna can change. Who one can marry depends on the community (jati) they are from. Some communities the people traditionally marry other people within their own community. Other communities the people traditionally marry with people from other communities as well as their own. Each community governs itself, and this live and let live attitude is the main reason why so many communities were able to maintain their diversity while living among other communities.

Anthropologists use the term "caste" more generally, to refer to a social group that is endogamous and occupationally specialized; such groups are common in highly stratified societies with a very low degree of social mobility; that is to say, a caste system is one in which an individual's occupation and marriage prospects are determined by his or her birth and heritage. In its broadest sense, examples of caste-based societies include colonial Latin America under Spanish and Portuguese rule (see Casta), apart from India A significant practice, relationship or organization in a society or culture.

For more details on Caste: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste
For details on Sect: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sect

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